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Evolutionary dynamics and genomic features of the Elizabethkingia anophelis 2015 to 2016 Wisconsin outbreak strain

Identifieur interne : 000C61 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000C60; suivant : 000C62

Evolutionary dynamics and genomic features of the Elizabethkingia anophelis 2015 to 2016 Wisconsin outbreak strain

Auteurs : Amandine Perrin [France] ; Elise Larsonneur [France] ; Ainsley C. Nicholson [États-Unis] ; David J. Edwards [Australie] ; Kristin M. Gundlach [États-Unis] ; Anne M. Whitney [États-Unis] ; Christopher A. Gulvik [États-Unis] ; Melissa E. Bell [États-Unis] ; Olaya Rendueles [France] ; Jean Cury [France] ; Perrine Hugon [France] ; Dominique Clermont [France] ; Vincent Enouf [France] ; Vladimir Loparev [États-Unis] ; Phalasy Juieng [États-Unis] ; Timothy Monson [États-Unis] ; David Warshauer [États-Unis] ; Lina I. Elbadawi [États-Unis] ; Maroya Spalding Walters [États-Unis] ; Matthew B. Crist [États-Unis] ; Judith Noble-Wang [États-Unis] ; Gwen Borlaug [États-Unis] ; Eduardo P. C. Rocha [France] ; Alexis Criscuolo [France] ; Marie Touchon [France] ; Jeffrey P. Davis [États-Unis] ; Kathryn E. Holt [Australie] ; John R. Mcquiston [États-Unis] ; Sylvain Brisse [France]

Source :

RBID : PMC:5458099

Abstract

An atypically large outbreak of Elizabethkingia anophelis infections occurred in Wisconsin. Here we show that it was caused by a single strain with thirteen characteristic genomic regions. Strikingly, the outbreak isolates show an accelerated evolutionary rate and an atypical mutational spectrum. Six phylogenetic sub-clusters with distinctive temporal and geographic dynamics are revealed, and their last common ancestor existed approximately one year before the first recognized human infection. Unlike other E. anophelis, the outbreak strain had a disrupted DNA repair mutY gene caused by insertion of an integrative and conjugative element. This genomic change probably contributed to the high evolutionary rate of the outbreak strain and may have increased its adaptability, as many mutations in protein-coding genes occurred during the outbreak. This unique discovery of an outbreak caused by a naturally occurring mutator bacterial pathogen provides a dramatic example of the potential impact of pathogen evolutionary dynamics on infectious disease epidemiology.


Url:
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15483
PubMed: 28537263
PubMed Central: 5458099


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Gundlach, Kristin M" sort="Gundlach, Kristin M" uniqKey="Gundlach K" first="Kristin M." last="Gundlach">Kristin M. Gundlach</name>
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<name sortKey="Gulvik, Christopher A" sort="Gulvik, Christopher A" uniqKey="Gulvik C" first="Christopher A." last="Gulvik">Christopher A. Gulvik</name>
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<name sortKey="Clermont, Dominique" sort="Clermont, Dominique" uniqKey="Clermont D" first="Dominique" last="Clermont">Dominique Clermont</name>
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<name sortKey="Enouf, Vincent" sort="Enouf, Vincent" uniqKey="Enouf V" first="Vincent" last="Enouf">Vincent Enouf</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<name sortKey="Loparev, Vladimir" sort="Loparev, Vladimir" uniqKey="Loparev V" first="Vladimir" last="Loparev">Vladimir Loparev</name>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Juieng, Phalasy" sort="Juieng, Phalasy" uniqKey="Juieng P" first="Phalasy" last="Juieng">Phalasy Juieng</name>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Monson, Timothy" sort="Monson, Timothy" uniqKey="Monson T" first="Timothy" last="Monson">Timothy Monson</name>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Elbadawi, Lina I" sort="Elbadawi, Lina I" uniqKey="Elbadawi L" first="Lina I." last="Elbadawi">Lina I. Elbadawi</name>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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, Madison, Wisconsin 53701,
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</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Walters, Maroya Spalding" sort="Walters, Maroya Spalding" uniqKey="Walters M" first="Maroya Spalding" last="Walters">Maroya Spalding Walters</name>
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, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Crist, Matthew B" sort="Crist, Matthew B" uniqKey="Crist M" first="Matthew B." last="Crist">Matthew B. Crist</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Noble Wang, Judith" sort="Noble Wang, Judith" uniqKey="Noble Wang J" first="Judith" last="Noble-Wang">Judith Noble-Wang</name>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Borlaug, Gwen" sort="Borlaug, Gwen" uniqKey="Borlaug G" first="Gwen" last="Borlaug">Gwen Borlaug</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Rocha, Eduardo P C" sort="Rocha, Eduardo P C" uniqKey="Rocha E" first="Eduardo P. C." last="Rocha">Eduardo P. C. Rocha</name>
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<name sortKey="Criscuolo, Alexis" sort="Criscuolo, Alexis" uniqKey="Criscuolo A" first="Alexis" last="Criscuolo">Alexis Criscuolo</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Touchon, Marie" sort="Touchon, Marie" uniqKey="Touchon M" first="Marie" last="Touchon">Marie Touchon</name>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Davis, Jeffrey P" sort="Davis, Jeffrey P" uniqKey="Davis J" first="Jeffrey P." last="Davis">Jeffrey P. Davis</name>
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<institution>Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services</institution>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E." last="Holt">Kathryn E. Holt</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1">
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<institution>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne</institution>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Mcquiston, John R" sort="Mcquiston, John R" uniqKey="Mcquiston J" first="John R." last="Mcquiston">John R. Mcquiston</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Brisse, Sylvain" sort="Brisse, Sylvain" uniqKey="Brisse S" first="Sylvain" last="Brisse">Sylvain Brisse</name>
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<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a15">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evolutionary dynamics and genomic features of the
<italic>Elizabethkingia anophelis</italic>
2015 to 2016 Wisconsin outbreak strain</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perrin, Amandine" sort="Perrin, Amandine" uniqKey="Perrin A" first="Amandine" last="Perrin">Amandine Perrin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a3">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Larsonneur, Elise" sort="Larsonneur, Elise" uniqKey="Larsonneur E" first="Elise" last="Larsonneur">Elise Larsonneur</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a4">
<institution>CNRS, UMS 3601 IFB-Core</institution>
, F- 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nicholson, Ainsley C" sort="Nicholson, Ainsley C" uniqKey="Nicholson A" first="Ainsley C." last="Nicholson">Ainsley C. Nicholson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a5">
<institution>Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Edwards, David J" sort="Edwards, David J" uniqKey="Edwards D" first="David J." last="Edwards">David J. Edwards</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a6">
<institution>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne</institution>
, Parkville, Victoria 3010,
<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a7">
<institution>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne</institution>
, Parkville, Victoria 3010,
<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gundlach, Kristin M" sort="Gundlach, Kristin M" uniqKey="Gundlach K" first="Kristin M." last="Gundlach">Kristin M. Gundlach</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a8">
<institution>Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene</institution>
, Madison, Wisconsin 53718,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whitney, Anne M" sort="Whitney, Anne M" uniqKey="Whitney A" first="Anne M." last="Whitney">Anne M. Whitney</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a5">
<institution>Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gulvik, Christopher A" sort="Gulvik, Christopher A" uniqKey="Gulvik C" first="Christopher A." last="Gulvik">Christopher A. Gulvik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a5">
<institution>Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bell, Melissa E" sort="Bell, Melissa E" uniqKey="Bell M" first="Melissa E." last="Bell">Melissa E. Bell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a5">
<institution>Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rendueles, Olaya" sort="Rendueles, Olaya" uniqKey="Rendueles O" first="Olaya" last="Rendueles">Olaya Rendueles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cury, Jean" sort="Cury, Jean" uniqKey="Cury J" first="Jean" last="Cury">Jean Cury</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hugon, Perrine" sort="Hugon, Perrine" uniqKey="Hugon P" first="Perrine" last="Hugon">Perrine Hugon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Clermont, Dominique" sort="Clermont, Dominique" uniqKey="Clermont D" first="Dominique" last="Clermont">Dominique Clermont</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a9">
<institution>CIP—Collection de l'Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Enouf, Vincent" sort="Enouf, Vincent" uniqKey="Enouf V" first="Vincent" last="Enouf">Vincent Enouf</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a10">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Pasteur International Bioresources network (PIBnet), Plateforme de Microbiologie Mutualisée (P2M)</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Loparev, Vladimir" sort="Loparev, Vladimir" uniqKey="Loparev V" first="Vladimir" last="Loparev">Vladimir Loparev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a11">
<institution>Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Juieng, Phalasy" sort="Juieng, Phalasy" uniqKey="Juieng P" first="Phalasy" last="Juieng">Phalasy Juieng</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a11">
<institution>Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Monson, Timothy" sort="Monson, Timothy" uniqKey="Monson T" first="Timothy" last="Monson">Timothy Monson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a8">
<institution>Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene</institution>
, Madison, Wisconsin 53718,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Warshauer, David" sort="Warshauer, David" uniqKey="Warshauer D" first="David" last="Warshauer">David Warshauer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a8">
<institution>Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene</institution>
, Madison, Wisconsin 53718,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Elbadawi, Lina I" sort="Elbadawi, Lina I" uniqKey="Elbadawi L" first="Lina I." last="Elbadawi">Lina I. Elbadawi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a12">
<institution>Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a13">
<institution>Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services</institution>
, Madison, Wisconsin 53701,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Walters, Maroya Spalding" sort="Walters, Maroya Spalding" uniqKey="Walters M" first="Maroya Spalding" last="Walters">Maroya Spalding Walters</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a14">
<institution>Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crist, Matthew B" sort="Crist, Matthew B" uniqKey="Crist M" first="Matthew B." last="Crist">Matthew B. Crist</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a14">
<institution>Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Noble Wang, Judith" sort="Noble Wang, Judith" uniqKey="Noble Wang J" first="Judith" last="Noble-Wang">Judith Noble-Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a14">
<institution>Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Borlaug, Gwen" sort="Borlaug, Gwen" uniqKey="Borlaug G" first="Gwen" last="Borlaug">Gwen Borlaug</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a13">
<institution>Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services</institution>
, Madison, Wisconsin 53701,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rocha, Eduardo P C" sort="Rocha, Eduardo P C" uniqKey="Rocha E" first="Eduardo P. C." last="Rocha">Eduardo P. C. Rocha</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Criscuolo, Alexis" sort="Criscuolo, Alexis" uniqKey="Criscuolo A" first="Alexis" last="Criscuolo">Alexis Criscuolo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a3">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Touchon, Marie" sort="Touchon, Marie" uniqKey="Touchon M" first="Marie" last="Touchon">Marie Touchon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Davis, Jeffrey P" sort="Davis, Jeffrey P" uniqKey="Davis J" first="Jeffrey P." last="Davis">Jeffrey P. Davis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a13">
<institution>Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services</institution>
, Madison, Wisconsin 53701,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E." last="Holt">Kathryn E. Holt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a6">
<institution>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne</institution>
, Parkville, Victoria 3010,
<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a7">
<institution>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne</institution>
, Parkville, Victoria 3010,
<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcquiston, John R" sort="Mcquiston, John R" uniqKey="Mcquiston J" first="John R." last="Mcquiston">John R. Mcquiston</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a5">
<institution>Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
, Atlanta, Georgia 30329,
<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brisse, Sylvain" sort="Brisse, Sylvain" uniqKey="Brisse S" first="Sylvain" last="Brisse">Sylvain Brisse</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>CNRS, UMR 3525</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a15">
<institution>Institut Pasteur, Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases</institution>
, F-75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Nature Communications</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>An atypically large outbreak of
<italic>Elizabethkingia anophelis</italic>
infections occurred in Wisconsin. Here we show that it was caused by a single strain with thirteen characteristic genomic regions. Strikingly, the outbreak isolates show an accelerated evolutionary rate and an atypical mutational spectrum. Six phylogenetic sub-clusters with distinctive temporal and geographic dynamics are revealed, and their last common ancestor existed approximately one year before the first recognized human infection. Unlike other
<italic>E. anophelis</italic>
, the outbreak strain had a disrupted DNA repair
<italic>mutY</italic>
gene caused by insertion of an integrative and conjugative element. This genomic change probably contributed to the high evolutionary rate of the outbreak strain and may have increased its adaptability, as many mutations in protein-coding genes occurred during the outbreak. This unique discovery of an outbreak caused by a naturally occurring mutator bacterial pathogen provides a dramatic example of the potential impact of pathogen evolutionary dynamics on infectious disease epidemiology.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
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</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
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